Banyak perubahan yang terjadi dan dialami, baik secara fisik dan emosional ketika mulai mengandung. Anda harus selalu memperhatikan jadwal dan jenis makanan yang Anda konsumsi, karena pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin tergantung dari nutrisi makanan ibu. Beberapa zat gizi berperan vital dalam pertumbuhan janin. Selama kehamilan, metabolisme energi meningkat akibat perubahan sistem tubuh Anda dan perkembangan janin. Oleh karena itu, kebutuhan akan energi dan zat gizi harus ditingkatkan. Menambahkannya dengan cara apa? Tidak sekedar terus menerus menambah jumlah makanan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh, namun juga pertimbangkan segala sesuatu yang Anda konsumsi.
Kalori
Selama trismester kedua dan ketiga kehamilan membutuhkan 300 kalori per hari. Walaupun peningkatan ini tidak digunakan dalam trismester pertama, bukan berarti keseimbangan nutrisi tidak penting. Kalori tambahan ini diperlukan agar berat badan Anda meningkat (total 12 hingga 16 kg selama hamil). Hal ini sangat diperlukan untuk menghasilkan berat badan bayi yang cukup saat dilahirkan. Sebaiknya pada trismester pertama, pertambahan bobot hanya 0, 5 kg setiap bulannya. Sedangkan pada trismester kedua, 0, 5 kg setiap minggunya. Sdangkan di trismester terakhir (bulan ke-9), hanya boleh 0, 5 hingga 1 kg. Kalori dapat Anda dapatkan dengan mengkonsumsi kacang-kacangan, buah, sereal, beras merah, sayur, kentang.
Protein
Protein sangat diperlukan untuk membangun, memperbaiki, dan mengganti jaringan tubuh. Ibu hamil memerlukan tambahan nutrisi ini agar pertumbuhan janin optimal. Protein dapat Anda dapatkan dengan mengkonsumsi tahu, tempe, daging, ayam, ikan, susu, dan telur.
Kalsium
Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa janin memerlukan 13 mg kalsium dari darah ibu. Janin memerlukan kalsium untuk pertumbuhan tulang dan giginya. Jika jumlah kalsium yang ia dapatkan kurang, maka ia akan mengambilnya dari tulang. Akibatnya Anda dapat mengalami pelunakan tulang (osteomalasia) nantinya. Kalsium dapat Anda dapatkan dengan mengkonsumsi produk susu, tahu, brokoli, kacang-kacangan.
Zat besi
Kekurangan zat besi akan mengakibatkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin menjadi terhambat. Kekurangan zat besi dapat meningkatkan resiko cacat (mortalitas) Anda dan janin. Karena kebutuhan zat besi sulit dipenuhi dari diet pola makan, maka terkadang pemakaian suplemen disarankan. Zat besi dapat Anda dapatkan dengan mengkonsumsi bayam, daging merah, hati, ikan, unggas, kerang, telur, kedelai.
Asam folat (vitamin B)
Asam folat yang dikonsumsi sejak masa pembuahan dan awal kehamilan mampu mencegah cacat lahir pada otak dan tulang belakang. Penelitian menunjukkan resiko kelainan tulang belakang (spina bifida) dan kelainan ronggga otak (anensefali) menurun hingga 50%. Sangat disarankan untuk mendapatkan 400 mg asam folat per hari. Asam folat dapat Anda dapatkan dengan mengkonsumsi jus jeruk bayam, oatmeal, brokoli, stoberi, dan roti.
Cairan
Cairan diperlukan untuk meningkatkan volume darah dan air ketubah. Minum setidaknya 6 hingga 8 gelas setiap harinya. Mengurangi asupan cairan tidak akan mengurangi bengkak yang Anda alami. Akan tetapi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada ginjal. Konsumsi cairan yang terbaik adalah air putih, selain itu Anda juga dapat mengkonsumsi sup, jus, dan teh.
Garam
Garam dapat membantu mengatur air dalam darah. Kebutuhan tubuh akan garam sedikit, sekitar 2000 hingga 8000 mg per hari. Beberapa ibu yang terkena darah tinggi atau preeklamsia bahkan tidak memerlukan tambahan akan konsumsi garam.
Jangan lupa untuk menghindari rokok, konsumsi alkohol dan kafein.
September 26, 2008
September 14, 2008
Prenatal development and sonograph images
Prenatal development is divided into two primary biological stages. The first is the embryonic stage, which lasts for about two months. At this point, the fetal stage begins. At the beginning of the foetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply,[21] all major structures including hands, feet, head, brain, and other organs are present, and they continue to grow and develop. When the fetal stage commences, a fetus is typically about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in length, and the heart can be seen beating via sonograph; the fetus bends the head, and also makes general movements and startles that involve the whole body.[22] Brain stem activity has been detected as early as 54 days after conception,[23] and the first measurable signs of EEG activity occur in the 12th week.[24] Some fingerprint formation occurs from the beginning of the fetal stage.[25]
Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization[28]
Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization[29]
One way to observe prenatal development is via ultrasound images. Modern 3D ultrasound images provide greater detail for prenatal diagnosis than the older 2D ultrasound technology.[30] Whilst 3D is popular with parents desiring a prenatal photograph as a keepsake,[31] both 2D and 3D are discouraged by the FDA for non-medical use,[32] but there are no definitive studies linking ultrasound to any adverse medical effects.[33] The following 3D ultrasound images were taken at different stages of pregnancy:
One way to observe prenatal development is via ultrasound images. Modern 3D ultrasound images provide greater detail for prenatal diagnosis than the older 2D ultrasound technology.[30] Whilst 3D is popular with parents desiring a prenatal photograph as a keepsake,[31] both 2D and 3D are discouraged by the FDA for non-medical use,[32] but there are no definitive studies linking ultrasound to any adverse medical effects.[33] The following 3D ultrasound images were taken at different stages of pregnancy:
3-inch fetus (about 14 weeks gestational age)
Fetus at 17 weeks
Fetus at 20 weeks
Physiology of Pregnancy
Physiology
The term trimester redirects here. For the term trimester used in academic settings, see Academic term
Pregnancy is typically broken into three periods, or trimesters, each of about three months. While there are no hard and fast rules, these distinctions are useful in describing the changes that take place over time.
First trimester
The term trimester redirects here. For the term trimester used in academic settings, see Academic term
Pregnancy is typically broken into three periods, or trimesters, each of about three months. While there are no hard and fast rules, these distinctions are useful in describing the changes that take place over time.
First trimester
Comparison of growth of the abdomen between 26 weeks and 40 weeks gestation.
Traditionally, doctors have measured pregnancy from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. In medicine, pregnancy is often defined as beginning when the developing embryo becomes implanted into the endometrial lining of a woman's uterus. In some cases where complications may have arisen, the fertilized egg might implant itself in the fallopian tubes or the cervix, causing an ectopic pregnancy. Most pregnant women do not have any specific signs or symptoms of implantation, although it is not uncommon to experience light bleeding at implantation. Some women will also experience cramping during their first trimester. This is usually of no concern unless there is spotting or bleeding as well. The outer layers of the embryo grow and form a placenta, for the purpose of receiving essential nutrients through the uterine wall, or endometrium. The umbilical cord in a newborn child consists of the remnants of the connection to the placenta. The developing embryo undergoes tremendous growth and changes during the process of foetal development.
Morning sickness can occur in about seventy percent of all pregnant women and typically improves after the first trimester.[19] Most miscarriages occur during this period.
A pregnant woman at 26 weeks
Second trimester
Months 4 through 6 of the pregnancy are called the second trimester. Most women feel more energized in this period, and begin to seriously put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. Although the fetus begins moving and takes a recognizable human shape during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement of the fetus, often referred to as "quickening", can be felt. This typically happens by the fourth month. The placenta is now fully functioning and the fetus is making insulin and urinating. The teeth are now formed inside the fetus' gums and the reproductive organs can be recognized, and can distinguish the fetus as male or female.
Third trimester
Final weight gain takes place, and the fetus begins to move regularly. The woman's navel will sometimes become convex, "popping" out, due to her expanding abdomen. This period of her pregnancy can be uncomfortable, causing symptoms like weak bladder control and back-ache. Movement of the fetus becomes stronger and more frequent and via improved brain, eye, and muscle function the fetus is prepared for ex utero viability. The woman can feel the fetus "rolling" and it may cause pain or discomfort when it is near the woman's ribs and spine.
It is during this time that a baby born prematurely may survive. The use of modern medical intensive care technology has greatly increased the probability of premature babies surviving, and has pushed back the boundary of viability to much earlier dates than would be possible without assistance.[20] In spite of these developments, premature birth remains a major threat to the fetus, and may result in ill-health in later life, even if the baby survives.
Traditionally, doctors have measured pregnancy from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. In medicine, pregnancy is often defined as beginning when the developing embryo becomes implanted into the endometrial lining of a woman's uterus. In some cases where complications may have arisen, the fertilized egg might implant itself in the fallopian tubes or the cervix, causing an ectopic pregnancy. Most pregnant women do not have any specific signs or symptoms of implantation, although it is not uncommon to experience light bleeding at implantation. Some women will also experience cramping during their first trimester. This is usually of no concern unless there is spotting or bleeding as well. The outer layers of the embryo grow and form a placenta, for the purpose of receiving essential nutrients through the uterine wall, or endometrium. The umbilical cord in a newborn child consists of the remnants of the connection to the placenta. The developing embryo undergoes tremendous growth and changes during the process of foetal development.
Morning sickness can occur in about seventy percent of all pregnant women and typically improves after the first trimester.[19] Most miscarriages occur during this period.
A pregnant woman at 26 weeks
Second trimester
Months 4 through 6 of the pregnancy are called the second trimester. Most women feel more energized in this period, and begin to seriously put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. Although the fetus begins moving and takes a recognizable human shape during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement of the fetus, often referred to as "quickening", can be felt. This typically happens by the fourth month. The placenta is now fully functioning and the fetus is making insulin and urinating. The teeth are now formed inside the fetus' gums and the reproductive organs can be recognized, and can distinguish the fetus as male or female.
Third trimester
Final weight gain takes place, and the fetus begins to move regularly. The woman's navel will sometimes become convex, "popping" out, due to her expanding abdomen. This period of her pregnancy can be uncomfortable, causing symptoms like weak bladder control and back-ache. Movement of the fetus becomes stronger and more frequent and via improved brain, eye, and muscle function the fetus is prepared for ex utero viability. The woman can feel the fetus "rolling" and it may cause pain or discomfort when it is near the woman's ribs and spine.
It is during this time that a baby born prematurely may survive. The use of modern medical intensive care technology has greatly increased the probability of premature babies surviving, and has pushed back the boundary of viability to much earlier dates than would be possible without assistance.[20] In spite of these developments, premature birth remains a major threat to the fetus, and may result in ill-health in later life, even if the baby survives.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
Diagnosis
The beginning of pregnancy may be detected in a number of ways, including various pregnancy tests which detect hormones generated by the newly-formed placenta. Clinical blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy soon after implantation, which is as early as 6-8 days after fertilization. Home pregnancy tests are personal urine tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12-15 days after fertilization. Both clinical and home tests can only detect the state of pregnancy, and cannot detect its age.
In the post-implantation phase, the blastocyst secretes a hormone named human chorionic gonadotropin which in turn, stimulates the corpus luteum in the woman's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman.
An early sonograph can determine the age of the pregnancy fairly accurately. In practice, doctors typically express the age of a pregnancy (i.e. an "age" for an embryo) in terms of "menstrual date" based on the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, as the woman reports it. Unless a woman's recent sexual activity has been limited, or she has been charting her cycles, or the conception is as the result of some types of fertility treatment (such as IUI or IVF) the exact date of fertilization is unknown. Absent symptoms such as morning sickness, often the only visible sign of a pregnancy is an interruption of her normal monthly menstruation cycle, (i.e. a "late period"). Hence, the "menstrual date" is simply a common educated estimate for the age of a fetus, which is an average of two weeks later than the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. The term "conception date" may sometimes be used when that date is more certain, though even medical professionals can be imprecise with their use of the two distinct terms. The due date can be calculated by using Naegele's rule. The expected date of delivery may also be calculated from sonogram measurement of the fetus. This method is slightly more accurate than methods based on LMP.[17] The beginning of labour, which is variously called confinement or childbed, begins on the day predicted by LMP 3.6% of the time and on the day predicted by sonography 4.3% of the time.[18]
Diagnostic criteria are: Women who have menstrual cycles and are sexually active, a period delayed by a few days or weeks is suggestive of pregnancy; elevated B-hcG to around 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks of gestation.
The beginning of pregnancy may be detected in a number of ways, including various pregnancy tests which detect hormones generated by the newly-formed placenta. Clinical blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy soon after implantation, which is as early as 6-8 days after fertilization. Home pregnancy tests are personal urine tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12-15 days after fertilization. Both clinical and home tests can only detect the state of pregnancy, and cannot detect its age.
In the post-implantation phase, the blastocyst secretes a hormone named human chorionic gonadotropin which in turn, stimulates the corpus luteum in the woman's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman.
An early sonograph can determine the age of the pregnancy fairly accurately. In practice, doctors typically express the age of a pregnancy (i.e. an "age" for an embryo) in terms of "menstrual date" based on the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, as the woman reports it. Unless a woman's recent sexual activity has been limited, or she has been charting her cycles, or the conception is as the result of some types of fertility treatment (such as IUI or IVF) the exact date of fertilization is unknown. Absent symptoms such as morning sickness, often the only visible sign of a pregnancy is an interruption of her normal monthly menstruation cycle, (i.e. a "late period"). Hence, the "menstrual date" is simply a common educated estimate for the age of a fetus, which is an average of two weeks later than the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. The term "conception date" may sometimes be used when that date is more certain, though even medical professionals can be imprecise with their use of the two distinct terms. The due date can be calculated by using Naegele's rule. The expected date of delivery may also be calculated from sonogram measurement of the fetus. This method is slightly more accurate than methods based on LMP.[17] The beginning of labour, which is variously called confinement or childbed, begins on the day predicted by LMP 3.6% of the time and on the day predicted by sonography 4.3% of the time.[18]
Diagnostic criteria are: Women who have menstrual cycles and are sexually active, a period delayed by a few days or weeks is suggestive of pregnancy; elevated B-hcG to around 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks of gestation.
Duration Pregnancy
Duration
Though pregnancy begins at conception, it is more convenient to date from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period (acronym = LMP), or from the date of conception (if known). Starting from one of these dates, the expected date of delivery (acronym = EDD) can be calculated. Counting from the LMP, pregnancy usually lasts between 37 and 42 weeks, with the EDD at 40 weeks,[9] 38 weeks after conception. 40 weeks is a little more than nine months and six days, which forms the basis of Naegele's rule for estimating date of delivery. More accurate algorithms which take into account other variables, such as whether this is the first or subsequent child (i.e. mother is a primip or a multip, respectively), ethnicity, parental age, length of menstrual cycle and menstrual regularity form the basis for more sophisticated online calculation methods, e.g. here.
Pregnancy is considered 'at term' when gestation attains 37 complete weeks but is less than 42 (between 259 and 294 days since LMP). Events before completion of 37 weeks (259 days) are considered pre-term; from week 42 (294 days) events are considered post-term.[10] When a pregnancy exceeds 42 weeks (294 days), the risk of complications for mother and fetus increases significantly.[9][11] As such, obstetricians usually prefer to induce labour, in an uncomplicated pregnancy, at some stage between 41 and 42 weeks.[12][13]
Recent medical literature prefers the terminology pre-term and post-term to premature and post-mature. Pre-term and post-term are unambiguously defined as above, whereas premature and postmature have historical meaning and relate more to the infant's size and state of development rather than to the stage of pregnancy.[14][15]
Fewer than 5% of births occur on the due date; 50% of births are within a week of the due date, and almost 90% within two weeks.[16] It is much more useful to consider therefore a range of due dates, rather than one specific day, with some online due date calculators providing this information, e.g. here.
Accurate dating of pregnancy is important, because it is used in calculating the results of various prenatal tests (for example, in the triple test). A decision may be made to induce labour if a fetus is perceived to be overdue. Furthermore, if a difference of predicted due date is highlighted between dates based on LMP and ultrasound dating, with the latter being later, this might signify slowed fetal growth and therefore the need for closer review.
Characteristics Pregnancy
Characteristics
Pregnancy occurs as the result of the female gamete or oocyte (egg) being penetrated by the male gamete spermatozoon in a process referred to, in medicine, as "fertilization", or more commonly known as "conception". The fusion of male and female gametes usually occurs through the act of sexual intercourse. However, the advent of artificial insemination has also made achieving pregnancy possible in such cases where sexual intercourse is not potentially fertile (through choice or male/female infertility).
A number of medical signs are associated with pregnancy.[7][8] These signs typically appear, if at all, within the first few weeks after conception. Although not all of these signs are universally present, nor are all of them diagnostic by themselves, taken together they make a presumptive diagnosis of pregnancy. These signs include the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood and urine, missed menstrual period, implantation bleeding that occurs at implantation of the embryo in the uterus during the third or fourth week after last menstrual period, increased basal body temperature sustained for over two weeks after ovulation, Chadwick's sign (darkening of the cervix, vagina, and vulva), Goodell's sign (softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix), Hegar's sign (softening of the uterus isthmus), and pigmentation of linea alba - Linea nigra, (darkening of the skin in a midline of the abdomen, caused by hyperpigmentation resulting from hormonal changes; it usually appears around the middle of pregnancy).[7][8]
Pregnancy
Pregnancy (latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the uterus of a female human. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets. Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies. Obstetrics is the surgical field that studies and treats pregnancy. Midwifery is the non-surgical field that cares for pregnant women.
Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks from fertilization (conception), i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) in humans. The date of delivery is considered normal medically if it falls within two weeks of the calculated date. The calculation of this date involves the assumption of a regular 28-day period. Thus, pregnancy lasts about nine months, although the exact definition of the English word “pregnancy” is a subject of controversy.
Terminology
One scientific term for the state of pregnancy is gravid, and a pregnant female is sometimes referred to as a gravida.[1] Both words are rarely used in common speech. Similarly, the term "parity" (abbreviated as "para") is used for the number of previous successful live births. Medically, a woman who is not currently pregnant or who has never been pregnant is referred to as a "nulligravida", and in subsequent pregnancies as "multigravida" or "multiparous".[2] Hence during a second pregnancy a woman would be described as "gravida 2, para 1" and upon delivery as "gravida 2, para 2". Incomplete pregnancies of abortions, miscarriages or stillbirths account for parity values being less than the gravida number, whereas a multiple birth will increase the parity value. Women who have never carried a pregnancy achieving more than 20 weeks of gestation age are referred to as "nulliparous".[3]
The term embryo is used to describe the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following conception, and the term foetus is used from about two months of development until birth.[4][5]
In many societies' medical and legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of prenatal development. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester, the development of the foetus can be more easily monitored and diagnosed. The beginning of the third trimester often approximates the point of viability, or the ability of the foetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the uterus.[6]
Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks from fertilization (conception), i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) in humans. The date of delivery is considered normal medically if it falls within two weeks of the calculated date. The calculation of this date involves the assumption of a regular 28-day period. Thus, pregnancy lasts about nine months, although the exact definition of the English word “pregnancy” is a subject of controversy.
Terminology
One scientific term for the state of pregnancy is gravid, and a pregnant female is sometimes referred to as a gravida.[1] Both words are rarely used in common speech. Similarly, the term "parity" (abbreviated as "para") is used for the number of previous successful live births. Medically, a woman who is not currently pregnant or who has never been pregnant is referred to as a "nulligravida", and in subsequent pregnancies as "multigravida" or "multiparous".[2] Hence during a second pregnancy a woman would be described as "gravida 2, para 1" and upon delivery as "gravida 2, para 2". Incomplete pregnancies of abortions, miscarriages or stillbirths account for parity values being less than the gravida number, whereas a multiple birth will increase the parity value. Women who have never carried a pregnancy achieving more than 20 weeks of gestation age are referred to as "nulliparous".[3]
The term embryo is used to describe the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following conception, and the term foetus is used from about two months of development until birth.[4][5]
In many societies' medical and legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of prenatal development. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester, the development of the foetus can be more easily monitored and diagnosed. The beginning of the third trimester often approximates the point of viability, or the ability of the foetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the uterus.[6]
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